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Sains Malaysiana 54(9)(2025): 2287-2300
http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2025-5409-15
Modeling of Gross Domestic Product with Foreign
Direct Investment using (Pemodelan Keluaran Dalam Negara Kasar dengan Pelaburan Langsung Asing menggunakan Persamaan Lotka-Volterra)
MOHAMMAD
KHATIM HASAN*, NOOR ASHIKIN OTHMAN & BAHARI IDRUS
Centre for
Artificial Intelligence Technology, Faculty of Information Science and
Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
Received: 31
December 2024/Accepted: 9 July 2025
Abstract
This
paper investigates the dynamic interaction between Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) using two distinct numerical methods: The
Fourth-Order Runge-Kutta (RK4) method on
Lotka-Volterra model and a family of Least-Squares (LS) methods. The study aims
to provide a comparative analysis of these methods in terms of their accuracy,
efficiency, and applicability in modeling the complex
relationship between GDP and FDI. The RK4 method is employed to model the
dynamic system governing the interaction between GDP and FDI. This method is
chosen for its robustness in handling non-linear systems and its ability to
provide precise numerical solutions with minimal computational error. On the
other hand, the least squares method provides a static approximation by fitting
a linear or nonlinear relationship between GDP and FDI. The paper conducts
simulations using real-world data on GDP and FDI from Malaysia spanning the
years 2009 to 2020. The results obtained from both methods are compared to
assess their performance. The RK4 method on Lotka-Volterra model demonstrates
superior accuracy in capturing the dynamic behavior of the GDP-FDI interaction, particularly in scenarios involving rapid changes
or non-linear dynamics.
Keywords: Dynamic
interaction; Foreign Direct Investment (FDI); Fourth-Order Runge-Kutta (RK4); Gross Domestic Product (GDP); Lotka-Volterra
(LV)
Abstrak
Kertas ini mengkaji interaksi dinamik antara Keluaran Dalam Negara
Kasar (KDNK) dan Pelaburan Langsung Asing (PLA) dengan menggunakan dua kaedah berangka yang berbeza: Kaedah Runge-Kutta Tertib Keempat (RK4) pada
model Lotka-Volterra dan satu keluarga kaedah Kuasa Dua Terkecil.
Kajian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan analisis perbandingan antara kaedah ini dari segi ketepatan, kecekapan dan kebolehgunaan dalam memodelkan hubungan kompleks antara KDNK dan PLA. Kaedah RK4 digunakan untuk memodelkan sistem dinamik yang mengawal interaksi antara KDNK dan PLA. Kaedah ini dipilih kerana keteguhannya dalam mengendalikan sistem bukan linear dan keupayaannya memberikan penyelesaian berangka yang tepat dengan kesilapan pengiraan yang minimum. Sebaliknya, kaedah kuasa dua terkecil memberikan suatu anggaran statik dengan memadankan hubungan linear atau tak linear antara KDNK dan PLA. Kertas ini menjalankan simulasi menggunakan data
dunia sebenar KDNK dan PLA dari Malaysia bagi tempoh 2009 hingga 2020. Hasil yang diperoleh daripada kedua-dua kaedah ini dibandingkan untuk menilai prestasi mereka. Kaedah RK4 pada model Lotka-Volterra menunjukkan ketepatan yang lebih tinggi dalam mencerap tingkah laku dinamik interaksi KDNK-PLA, terutamanya dalam senario yang melibatkan perubahan pantas atau dinamik bukan linear.
Kata kunci: Interaksi dinamik; Keluaran Dalam Negara
Kasar (KDNK); Lotka-Volterra (LV); Pelaburan Langsung Asing (PLA); Runge-Kutta Tertib Keempat (RK4)
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